The Difficulities in Learning Engglish

English is an international language that is used as a language of communication connections between all languages and countries around the world, English became the international language because of its influence British people first world war era, who once controlled a third of the world and also is the technology and more advanced civilization first advance of other nations, as well as the influence of the English nation as well which is always exploring the world and spread the ancient civilization of the language owned by the British nation so now chosen English is the language of connections between state or international language. and of course.


Today is important for us to learn English in order to keep abreast of the times that clicking the global world. and English is the second language of Indonesia.

In learning English, we learn about the structure, pronunciation, tenses and word. For those which are more difficult to learn? For me it is hard to learn is Grammar, Tenses, Listening.


Obviously with us to learn a language must relate to:
learn vocabulary in the language (Vocabulary)
manner of writing sentences of the language (grammar, tenses)
reading, listening and rewriting the language (Reading, Listening and Writing)
direct conversation (Conversation)
and I think that the difficulties in learning English is in the sentence syntax (grammar, tenses) and direct conversational English Listening (Listening).


Grammar
understanding of grammar as EYD (Spelling Enhanced) in Indonesian is learn the rules of writing is good and right. in grammar, words are divided into 8 groups. namely:


Noun 1. (noun)
2. Pronoun (pronoun)
3. Adjective (adjective)
4. Verb (verb)
5. adverb (adverb)
6. Preposition (preposition)
7. Conjunction (conjunctive)
8. Interjection (interjection)

Tenses

tenses is a form of the verb in grammar which shows the timing of an act or event and stage of completion.
In English tenses are classified into 16, each of which has the use and function of different.

Listening

listen directly Conversation in a foreign language was a bit difficult for me, tuh other terms such as 'ethnic Javanese' meeting 'Batak tribe' and between tribes and the other one is not going to happen communication or understand the language of each other if one of the tribes that no one wants to learn the language of another tribe or mutual learning-teaching. of course, with the unifying language or primary language is Indonesian.

difficulties in learning the language can we skip if why we've got used to, because I think that the language is practice.

Scientists and Inventors

Famous Inventors And Scientists In The World 

Car Inventor - Gottlieb Daimler. 

In the 21st century, the automobile becomes a very important means of transportation, a car is a means of transportation that is driven using engine power as a means of propulsion. The development of the car from time to time where the producers are increasingly sophisticated auto makers increasingly pamper customers by presenting a convenience for its customers in the use of the car. If the view of the development of the automobile as a means of transportation that is more sophisticated then thank the inventor Gottlieb Daimler cars are German nationals along with Carl Friedrich Benz. They are both known worldwide as a pioneer or inventor of the automobile. Since young man named Gottlieb Daimler was very fond of the machine would not be surprised when he entered college and then choose a concentration in mechanical engineering and later became a mechanical engineer. In 1882 Gottlieb Daimler took his own step by creating a machine which is then mounted on the bike then the consequences Gottlieb Daimler chose to separate from the company where he works as a result of these steps. The result is a machine created by the speed of 700-800 per minute where the machine is a machine with complete combustion. In making these machines Gottlieb Daimler is trying desperately to create the machine that became known as the first bike engine. A year later, it unexpectedly Karl Benz made ​​a breakthrough by creating a car that has a tricycle which he precedes Gottlieb Daimler.

In 1882 Gottlieb Daimler took his own step by creating a machine which is then mounted on the bike then the consequences Gottlieb Daimler chose to separate from the company where he works as a result of these steps. The result is a machine created by the speed of 700-800 per minute where the machine is a machine with complete combustion. In making these machines Gottlieb Daimler is trying desperately to create the machine that became known as the first bike engine. A year later, it unexpectedly Karl Benz made ​​a breakthrough by creating a car that has a tricycle which he precedes Gottlieb Daimler. 

The equation of the two is a car made both use Otto engine as the driving force. Gottlieb Daimler made ​​a motion to take the car to market earlier than the invention of Carl Benz. From these measures then Gottlieb Daimler founded the Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft (DMG) in the year 1890. The first Daimler car powered by a six horsepower strength and then selling it to the prince of Wales. then in 1895 The car is named 'Benzine Buggy. "Gottlieb Daimler later died in 1900 at the age of sixty-six. Gottlieb Daimler later remembered as the inventor of the means of transport called a car, but that he is also known as the inventor of the four-stroke engine. 

Gottlieb Daimler cars findings continue to be developed to become a most important means of transportation. In the present, developing increasingly sophisticated car where the fuel is no longer using gasoline or diesel fuel, but uses electricity as its driving force. According to Wikipedia in 2007, overall there were 71.9 million new cars were sold worldwide, 22.4 million units in Europe, 21.4 million units in Asia, 19.4 million units in the United States and Canada, 4 , 4 million units in Latin America, 2.4 million units in the Middle East and 1.4 million in Africa. The markets in North America and Japan have been stagnant, while in South America and some Asian countries is growing rapidly.


Inventor of Facebook - Mark Zuckerberg. 

At the present time where the internet is becoming a necessity and entertainment for humans, one of the most developed in the internet is social media, among a lot of social media on the internet is the most developed and most users are up. Facebook is a social networking or social media which enables people to connect with each other at the same time or different despite being in different places. Inventors Facebook adalahMark Zuckerberg who is a student of Harvard University. The number of Facebook users is the largest in the world. At the end of 2013 was recorded at 1:19 billion active users. 

Currently a student at Harvard College, Mark Zukerberg had time to build a website facemash.com on October 28, 2003. By the way he illegally took pictures classmates at Harvard and present it on the website with pictures of animals alongside hers. Mark Zukerberg had also done hacking the Harvard computer network by taking personal data boarder at Harvard then publish to the site. Because this sort of thing then suddenly popular website Facemash. Later, Zuckerberg has penetrated punished because of Harvard's network security, do not comply with the copyright, and do not adhere to the privacy of individuals, as well as threatened in the drop-outs. But, in the end the penalty was canceled by the university.

With the emergence of this problem Mark Zuckerberg then received 3 bids student at Harvard University that Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss and Divya Narendra. They then create a project that they crave that special social website for Harvard students, but in a way it slowly and do not in fact know the other three Mark Zuckerberg is increasing its personal website. Mark Zuckerberg is often linked closely with Aaron J. Greenspan initially build the social environment of the Harvard website, but in the end by the university closed its site for breach of privacy. Mark Zuckerberg also attempted to ask Aaron J. Greenspan to keep her in a secret personal project completed but Aaron J. Greenspan dismissed to help Mark, because according to Aaron, Mark Zuckerberg is mistaken not professional and do not convince him in the whole section. 

In early 2004, Mark Zuckerberg started building websites that really became the forerunner of Facebook as we know it today, he was inspired by an article in The Harvard Crimson. Mark started working on his new project after he returned to campus in January, then later Mark Zuckerberg launched "The Facebook" Thefacebook beta website. com on February 4, 2004. The actual Facebook was launched as an annual book on-line for some of the staff and students of Harvard. Actually he was in his room building websites for a college job. The project website is built in a dorm at Harvard. In raising this website Mark Zuckerberg, helped by his roommate and fellow college at Harvard College, his is Dustin Moskovitz, Eduardo Saverin, Chris Hughes and Andrew McCollum. In one day, more and more twelve thousand students have already signed up to the website of Mark, at the end of the first month getting over half of the total students studying in Harvard already has its own page on the site.


Six days after the site launched The Facebook, Harvard Connection trio, namely Cameron Winklevoss, Divya Narendra, Tyler Winklevoss and Mark Zukerberg accused intend to forget the menyelesaikain project done by Zukerberg that make a social network called HarvardConnection.com, when Mark Zukerberg taking inspiration Trio Harvard Connection to build the website of The Facebook. Harvard Connection trio complained to the Harvard Crimson, as well as writing news letters then started the investigation of this matter. Harvard Connection trio filed a lawsuit to Mark Zuckerberg to court. Throughout the four years at the court in the end the problem was solved with a closed manner in which The Facebook willing to pay some money to the Harvard Connection trio and give some of its shares on the Harvard Connection trio.


Members on this website prefix only a few students at Harvard College, but in March 2004, Facebook and extending themselves to other universities. In June 2004, Facebook later moved his company to Palo Alto, California. The company was first getting investment in June from a co-founder of PayPal, Peter Thiel ie. In 2005 the company removed the word "The" which later became "Facebook" where the domain facebook.com was purchased for $ 200,000. Mark Zuckerberg Mark the center of attention after an offer from Yahoo to acquire Facebook some $ 1 billion. Mark Zuckerberg is more decisive than Microsoft's offer with a contract value of $ 240 million dollars. Microsoft gave 1, 6% stake in Facebook, which in turn adds to its offer to $ 15 billion.


Then over the years facebook constantly evolving and increasingly more users are spread all over the world. Mark Zuckerberg is the founder or inventor of facebook then became a young billionaire on its social network. At the end of 2013 Facebook had a billion active users by 1:19 with the average end-user per day about half a billion who are scattered throughout the world. Dibandig with other social networks, Facebook has many advantages such as feature games, chat, video calls, and much more. Facebook main income from the advertising sector. Mark Zuckerberg managed to be a figure of a young man who successfully thanks to the fame of Facebook.


Inventor of Google - Larry Page and Sergey Brin

In the internet world who does not know Google, a company based in the United States focuses on the products on the Internet and known as Seacrh engines or search engines on the Internet's most widely used in the world. Google is the inventor Larry Page and Sergey Brin. Google's history begins with the discovery of the two people meeting, Larry Page, who is an alumnus of the University of Michigan as well as a Ph.D student at Stanford University who was then enjoying his weekend visit who then met with Sergey Brin Larry Page who happens to usher in circumference. In meeting these two men, Larry Page and Sergey Brin often engaged in long discussions because they have different views or opinions so often debated.

However, the difference was then thought the two would produce a solution or a unique approach in solving a problem is the biggest challenge in the world internet.yakni, the problem of how to recover data from massive data sets. Later In January 1996, Larry Page and Sergey Brin began to collaborate in realizing their dreams by making search engine named backrub. Then a year later after their unique approach to network analysis raised the reputation of their home-made search engine backrub. News of the new technique is a direct search engines spread across the campus. Larry Page and Sergey Brin of Google technology to constantly improve throughout early 1998. They then began looking for investors to fund and develop the technological sophistication then known as Google.

Larry Page and Sergey Brin then get funding from their college friend, Andy Bechtolsheim, a founder of Sun Microsystems. '' We met with Andy at dawn, in the foyer of the Stanford faculty student dormitories, in Palo Alto, '' said Sergey. '' We give a brief demo because Andy did not have a long enough time. Then, he just said, 'Why do not I write a check for you?' 'A check for $ 100 thousand dollars given by Andy Bechtolsheim. Unfortunately, the check was written on behalf of Google. Yet when it was a company called Google has not been established by Sergey and Larry. 

Investment of Andy becomes a dilemma. Larry and Sergey compose poem may not check for no legal institution called the company Google. Therefore, the two founders of Google is again working hard in seeking investment. They are looking for funding from among family, friends, and colleagues to finally collected funds about 1 million dollars. And finally, Google the company can be established in 7 Septembar 1998 and officially opened in Menlo Park, California.


Until now, Google became the giant internet company in the world. Its products more and more. Starting from Search engines, Advertising, Android (gadgets) and many other products. Larry Page and Sergey Brin holds 16 percent of the company. Larry Page and Sergey Brin of Google becoming a billionaire inventor over their invention. In the United States the richest persons report in 2007, Forbes reported that Sergey Brin and Larry Page were tied for # 5 with a fortune of $ 18.5 billion, respectively.

Inventors Electricity - Michael Faraday

Electricity is one of the important and very fundamental requirement for humans now, the electricity becomes a vital necessity as an energy for mankind in the world. Electricity is the inventor Michael Faraday. The phenomenon of electricity in the beginning has been around since ancient Greece, since Thales a scholar who discovered the phenomenon of amber is rubbed against the fur would be interesting. Seja then later rise of terori of electricity proposed by Ampere, Michael Faraday, Oersted, William Gilbert, Charles de Coulomb, Joseph Priestley, and others.
Of the many names, there is one name of Michael Faraday had the greatest role or service in the field of electricity and magnetism, From this and the forerunner of theories regarding electricity. Can he referred to as the inventor of the first power in the world and is also known as "Mr. Electricity". Michael Faraday was born in England on September 22, 1971, Has a blacksmith father should provide for his tenth. Because it's no wonder his father could not send their children as well as Faraday. At the age of 14 years has been helping families with Faraday bookbinding work and sell books. In his spare time he is also a time to read a variety of books, especially books about science, chemistry and physics.

In fact the Faraday had created the world's first electric motor which, namely a first circuit that put power as a driving source object. However the assumption that the discovery of primitive, but it can not be denied is the forerunner of the entire electric motors in use today. Since that first discovery in 1821, Michael Faraday, who is a self-taught scientist, has become a popular name. Its discovery has been recognized to be the main gateway into the modern age of electricity.

While doing various experiment in 1831, the inventor of the electric bahwasannya found a piece of wire when a magnet is passed, then the flow of electricity into the wire, which then runs the magnet. The condition is called "electromagnetic influences" which is also the finding given the name "Faraday's Law". The finding that the findings are recognized as historic. Why? One, Faraday's law has great significance Dlm perpautannya with our theoretical understanding of electromagnetic TTG. Two, electromagnetic pengerak which can be used as an ongoing basis over the flow of electrical current as that practiced Faraday when making the electric dynamo for the first time. Michael Faraday later died on 25 August 1867, and was interred in the UK near London. Faraday name immortalized as the unit of capacitance is the farad (F) in the physical sciences.


Inventors Android - Andy Rubin

 In an era of emerging technology is, Who is not familiar with Android, an operating system that is most widely used for almost all brands of smartphones devices because it is open source. Inventors Android is Andy Rubin, who is the founder of Android Inc. He was dubbed the "Father of Android" the Green Robot phenomenal. Of interest here after graduating from college he then inadvertently met with Bill Caswell who is an employee of Apple who then invited him to join, at Apple he then developed a WebTV program, which is a collaboration between the television with internet services. After it was soon moved to Microsoft because Microsoft has acquired WebTV Program.

In 1999, Andy Rubin decided to get out of Artemis Research (which means out also from Microsoft), and Andy Rubin opened a store in Palo Alto, California. Andy Rubin calls his store as a laboratory, and there he had the idea to build a company by the name of Danger Inc., Andy Rubin getting success with the company Danger Inc., with a device called the Sidekick was initially named Danger Hiptop. But success is not too long and then in 2004 decided to leave Andy Rubin Danger Inc., and in 2008 Danger Inc. was bought by Microsoft for a very large, according to the info Microsoft bought Danger Inc. $ 500 Million Dollars.

Beginning Android invention by Andy Rubin
When in 2002 when Andy Rubin gave a lecture, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, founders of Google are also present in the lecture and after the lecture given Andy Rubin finished, Larry Page met with Andy Rubin for a closer look of the sidekick device. Finally Andy Rubin got the idea sederhanya and he founded Android Inc. that focuses untik provide reliable mobile platform and open source so that it can push invoasi faster for the benefit of customers. and in July 2005, the Company Andorid Inc. was bought by the giant Google and Andy Rubin was joined by Google.

Together with Google, Android is given extra strength and to date Android operating system has a wide range of innovations that make the Android operating system that debuted be beat Apple's iOS operating system has. and is the most dominate OS and most widely used in smartphones in the world. Android is growing very rapidly from year to year.

EXAMPLE OF MEMO

A memo is a document typically used for communication within a company. memos can be as formal as a business letter and used to present a report. 

However, the heading and overall tone make a memo different from a business letter. Because you generally send memos to co-workers and colleagues, you do not have to include a formal salutation or closing remark. 

MEMO can deliver to everyone, for friends, your boss or your family. In MEMO there are some item that have to put in MEMO, such us MEMO (for title), to ( to who you delever this message), from (the memo sender identify), date (when the memo make) and subject of memo. This is the example of MEMO. This is Example of memo

                                                                          MEMO

To         : Mrs. Minun

From     : Khairul Umam

Date      : 27 April 2015

Subject :  Reunion SMPN 7 BOGOR

Mrs. Minun ask Mr. Khairul Umam to attend the student's reunion of n SMPN 7 Bogor in Yasmin building on April 27, 2015.

APPLICATION LETTER & CURRICULUM VITAE (CV)

APPLICATION LETTER

Khairul umam

06, pondok ranggon 06/06

jakarta timur, 16112

0898-8919-325

Date: 25th Maret , 2015

PT. Yamaha 

Jl. Permata Raya  I

Karawang

Center of karawang

0857-1056-4256

Dear Mr / Ms Leader

I would like to apply for the role of PHP Developer which I have seen advertised in www.jobstreet.com.

I was twenty-one years old, single and in good health. I am capable of and quite adept at making and web development and web design since I started my career in the IT field following the IT degree and specializes in the web or application.

I enjoy working on the website and the pages and interaction with the client to ensure that the website is because they specifically want it.

I am a real problem solver and work with a methodical manner. I was concentrating so hard in my work and want to make sure that I meet deadlines and work for a period of clients. and I was able to work with the team.

I have enclosed my CV for your consideration which details my qualifications related to IT and also my previous work experience which is relevant to this role. so you can be guaranteed that I will maintain the peak level of work and  principled standards as a team member of your organization. I hope you will grant me an interview and the opportunity to give you more details about my self.

 I enclosed my resume with particular details regarding my qualification and  background.

Thank you for giving attention to my application letter.

Sincerely,

Khairul Umam

Enclosure :   1. Curriculum Vitae

         2.  Portfolio

CURICULUM VITAE (CV)

I. Personal Details

Name : Khairul Umam
Address : jakarta timur pondok ranggon 06/06 16612
Phone Number : 082114455755
Place & Date of Birth : jakrta. 27 agustus, 1993
Sex : Male
Marital Status : Single
Religion : Islam
Nationality : Indonesia
Email : khairulumam-mams.blogspot.com

II. Education Details

1. 2005 SDN Pondok Rumput 2, Bogor
2. 2008 Junior High School / SMPN 7 Bogor
3. 2011 Senior High School / SMKN 1 Bogor
4. 2015 System Of Computer / Gunadarma University

GPA = 3.25 (scale 4)
PREDICATE = Satisfactory

III. Certificate 

1. 2011  : Singel on Chip for Embeded System and Robotic

2. 2011  : Notebook Tuning & Troubleshooting

3. 2012  : Role of Telecommunications Industry in Improving the Performance and                Competitiveness of University

4. 2013  : Android and Mobile Commerce Unify

5. 2013  : Designing Shopping Cart of University Gunadarma

6. 2013  : Video Editing with Ulead of University Gunadarma

7. 2013  : Make an Easy Web with Framework Code Igneter of Universty Gunadarma

8. 2014  : Computer Engineering Final Project Dissemination

IV. Computer Skills

Web Design, Programming, Desaign Home, Desaign Video, Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Power Point, making software, Corel Draw, Adobe Photoshop & PHP

V. PERSONALITY

Good attitude, kind, communicative, diligent, tolerant, target oriented, discipline, honest, and be responsible

ANAK SEKOLAH

Ketika aku pulang dari sekolah, aku ternampak seorang kanak-kanak sedang menangis di tepi jalan. Aku berasa simpati melihat budak itu.

Aku terus menghampiri budak tersebut sambil menuntun basikalku. Rupa-rupanya budak itu ialah anak jiranku, Nurul. Aku memujuk Nurul supaya berhenti menangis. Aku menyuruh Nurul menceritakan apa yang telah berlaku. Rupa-rupanya Nurul ketinggalan bas. Aku cuba mententeramkannya dan berjanji akan menghantarnya pulang.

Aku menyuruh Nurul membonceng basikalku. Dalam keadaan panas terik, aku terpaksa mengayuh basikalku lebih berat daripada biasa menuju ke rumahnya yang terletak kira-kira 2 kilometer dari situ. Ini sungguh memenatkan. Namun, aku gembira kerana dapat menghantarnya pulang ke rumah.

Bajuku telah pun basah lencun dengan peluh setibanya kami di halaman rumahnya. Nurul kelihatan amat gembira sekali lalu mengucapkan terima kasih kepadaku sebelum ia beredar ke rumahnya.

Setibanya di rumah, aku ditegur oleh ibu bapaku kerana pulang lewat. Namun, selepas aku menceritakan peristiwa tersebut, mereka memuji tindakanku itu. Kata ayah, "Kita haruslah menolong orang yang kesusahan.


Sumber : http://karangansr.blogspot.com/2010/01/menyambung-cerita.html

Metode Ilmiah

Pengertian Metode Ilmiah
Metode ilmiah  atau proses ilmiah merupakan proses keilmuan untuk memperoleh pengetahuan secara sistematis berdasarkan bukti fisis. Ilmuwan melakukan pengamatan serta membentuk hipotesis dalam usahanya untuk menjelaskan fenomena alam prediksi yang dibuat berdasarkan hipotesis tersebut kemudian diuji dengan melakukan eksperimen. Jika suatu hipotesis lolos uji berkali-kali, maka hipotesis tersebut dapat menjadi suatu teori ilmiah.
Penelitian ilmiah berfokus pada metode yang kokoh untuk mengidentifikasi permasalahan, mengumpulkan data, menganalisis data dan menarik kesimpulan yang valid. Penelitian ilmiah bersifat lebih obyektif karena tidak berdasarkan pada perasaan, pengalaman dan intuisi peneliti semata yang bersifat subyektif. Penelitian iliah melibatkan theory construction dan theory verification.konstruksi teori yang akan digunakan untuk mengembangkan suatu hipotesis yang relevan dengan struktur teorinya. Selanjutnya dengan menggunakan fakta, maka hipotesis tersebut diuji secara empiris.
Karakterisasi
Metode ilmiah bergantung pada karakterisasi yang cermat atas subjek investigasi. Dalam proses karakterisasi, ilmuwan mengidentifikasi sifat-sifat utama yang relevan yang dimiliki oleh subjek yang diteliti. Selain itu, proses ini juga dapat melibatkan proses penentuan (definisi) dan pengamatan-pengamatan yang dimaksud seringkali memerlukan pengukuran dan perhitungan yang cermat. Proses pengukuran dapat dilakukan terhadap objek yang tidak dapat diakses atau dimanipulasi seperti bintang atau populasi manusia. Hasil pengukuran secara ilmiah biasanya ditabulasikan dalam table. Digambarkan dalam bentuk grafik atau dipetakan dan diproses dengan penghitungan statistika seperti korelasi dan regresi.
Umumnya terdapat empat karakteristik penelitian ilmiah :
1.    Sistematik
Berarti suatu penelitian harus disusun dan dilaksanakan secara berurutan sesuai pola dan kaidah yang benar, dari yang mudah dan sederhana sampai yang kompleks.
2.    Logis
Suatu penelitian dikatakan benar bila dapat diterima akal dan berdasarkan fakta empirik. Pencarian kebenaran harus berlangsung menurut prosedur atau kaidah bekerjanya akal yaitu logika. Prosedur penalaran yang dipakai bias dengan prosedur induktif yaitu cara berpikir untuk menarik kesimpulan umum dari berbagai kasus individual (khusus), atau prosedur deduktif yaitu cara berpikir untuk menarik kesimpulan yang bersifat khusus dari pernyataan yang bersifat umum.
3.    Empirik
Artinya suatu penelitian yang didasarkan pada pengalaman sehari-hari, yang ditemukan atau melalui hasil coba-coba yang kemudian diangkat sebagai hasil penelitian. Landasan empirik ada tiga yaitu :
a)    Hal-hal empirik selalu memiliki persamaan dan perbedaan (ada penggolongan atau perbandingan satu sama lain).
b)    Hal-hal empirik selalu berubah-ubah sesuai dengan waktu.
c)    Hal-hal empirik tidak bisa secara kebetulan,melainkan ada penyebabnya.
4.    Replikatif
Artinya suatu penelitian yang pernah dilakukan harus di uji kembali oleh peneliti lain dan harus memberikan hasil yang sama bila dilakukan dengan metode, kriteria, dan kondisi yang sama. Agar bersifat replikatif, penyusunan definisi operasional variable menjadi langkah penting bagi seorang peneliti.
Langkah-Langkah metode ilmiah
Langkah-langkah yang terdapat pada metode ilmiah antara lain:

1. Memilih dan mendefinisikan masalah
2. Survey terhadap data yang tersedia
3. Memformulasikan hipotesa
4. Membangun kerangka analisa serta alat-alat dalam menguji hipotesa
5. Mengumpulkan data primer
6. Mengolah, menganalisa serta membuat interpretasi
7. Membuat generalisasi dan kesimpulan
8. Membuat laporan

Pelaksanaan metode ini meliputi enam tahap, yaitu :

1. Merumuskan masalah.
2. Mengumpulkan keterangan, yaitu segala informasi yang mengarah dan dekat pada pemecahan masalah. Sering juga disebut mengkaji teori atau kajian pustaka.
3. Menyusun hipotesis yang merupakan kesimpulan sementara yang berdasarkan data atau keterangan yang diperoleh selama observasi atau telaah pustaka.
4. Menguji hipotesis dengan melakukan percobaan atau penelitian.
5. Mengolah data (hasil) percobaan dengan menggunakan metode statistic untuk menghasilkan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian dengan metode ini adalah data yang objektif, tidk dipengaruhi subyektifitas ilmuwan peneliti dan universal.
6. Menguji kesimpulan untuk meyakinkan kebenaran hipotesis melalui hasil percobaan dan perlu juga dilakukan uji ulang. Apabila hasil uji mendukung hipotesis, maka hipotesis itu bias menjadi kaidah (hukum) dan bahkan menjadi teori. 

SUMBER :

http://charensha.wordpress.com/2011/02/23/pengertian-metode-ilmiah/
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metode_ilmiah#Karakterisasi
http://ami26chan.wordpress.com/2011/03/31/pengertian-metode-ilmiah/

Karangan Ilmiah dan Non Ilmiah

Karangan
Karangan menurut wikipedia merupakan karya tulis hasil dari kegiatan seseorang untuk mengungkapkan gagasan dan menyampaikanya melalui bahasa tulis kepada pembaca untuk dipahami. Lima jenis karangan yang umum dijumpai dalam keseharian adalah Narasi, Deskripsi, Eksposisi, Argumentasi, dan Persuasi. Sedangkan secara umum ,Karangan adalah karya tulis hasil dari kegiatan seseorang untuk mengungkapkan gagasan dan menyampaikanya melalui bahasa tulis kepada pembaca untuk dipahami.Untuk dapat mengarang suatu tulisan perlu terlebih dahulu mengerti dan memahami beberapa pengertian yang menyangkut kegiatan  seperti Mengarang.Mengarang  adalah segenap rangkaian kegiatan seseorang mengungkapkan gagasan dan menyampaikan melalui bahasa tulis kepada masyarakat pembaca untuk dipahami.Karangan bermacam-macam ada karangan ilmiah,semi ilmiah dan non ilmiah.Namun yang akan dibahas ialah karangan ilmiah dan non ilmiah.

A.Karangan Ilmiah
 Karangan ilmiah adalah hasil dari suatu pemikiran seseorang yang bersifat akademis yang kemudian nanti akan dituangkan dalam wujud tulisan. Seperti misalkan penulisan tesis, makalah ataupun skripsi.
Sedangkan menurut beberapa pakar, karya ilmiah Suatu tulisan yang diperoleh sesuai dengan sifat keilmuanya yang didasari oleh peninjauan, penelitian dalam bidang tertentu, disusun dengan metode tertentu dengan sistematika penulisan dengan bahasa yang santun dan isinya dapat dipertanggung jawabkan keabsahanya (Eko Susilo, M.1995:11)Karangan ilmiah populer  yang ditunjukan kepada masyarakat umum dan karya ilmiah tinggi yang ditunjukan kepada masyarakat professional (Jones 1960).

Ciri-ciri Karangan Ilmiah

a. Struktur Sajian (pendahuluan,  pokok bahasan, dan bagian penutup)
Pendahuluan merupakan pengantar ke bagian inti, sedangkan inti merupakan sajian gagasan pokok yang ingin di sampaikan yang dapat terdiri dari beberapa bab, subtopik dan beberapa paragraph yang dimana bagian penutupnya adalah kesimpulan pokok bahasan serta rekomendasi penulis dengan tindak lanjut gagasan tersebut.
b. Komponen dan substansi
Komponen dan substansi karya ilmiah bervariasi sesuai dengan jenisnya, namun semua karya ilmiah mengandung dari seluruh struktur sajian dan daftar pustaka.
c. Sikap Penulis
Sikap penulis yang objektif yang dimana disampaikan dengan menggunakan gaya bahasa impersonal dengan banyak menggunakan betuk pasif dan tanpa menggunakan kata pengganti orang pertama dan kedua.
d. Penggunaan Bahasa
Bahasa yang digunakan adalah bahasa baku yang tercermin dari pilihan kata dan kalimat-kalimat efektif yang tersetruktur dan baku.

Hal-hal yang harus ada dalam karya ilmiah antara lain:
1.Karya tulis ilmiah memuat gagasan ilmiah lewat pikiran dan alur pikiran.
2.Keindahan karya tulis ilmiah terletak pada bangun pikir dengan unsur-unsur yang menyangganya.
3.Alur pikir dituangkan dalam sistematika dan notasi.
4.Karya tulis ilmiah terdiri dari unsur-unsur: kata, angka, tabel, dan gambar,
yang tersusun mendukung alur pikir yang teratur.
5.Karya tulis ilmiah harus mampu mengekspresikan asas-asas yang terkandung
dalam hakikat ilmu dengan mengindahkan kaidah-kaidah kebahasaan.
6.Karya tulis ilmiah terdiri dari serangkaian narasi (penceritaan), eksposisi
(paparan), deskripsi (lukisan) dan argumentasi (alasan).

Macam – macam karangan ilmiah
* Artikel Ilmiah Popular
Berbeda dengan artikel ilmiah, artikel ilmiah popular tidak terikat secara ketat dengan aturan penulisan ilmiah. Sebab, ditulis lebih bersifat umum, untuk konsumsi publik. Dinamakan ilmiah populer karena ditulis bukan untuk keperluan akademik tetapi dalam menjangkau pembaca khalayak. Karena itu aturan-aturan penulisan ilmiah tidak begitu ketat. Artikel ilmiah
popular biasanya dimuat di surat kabar atau majalah. Artikel dibuat berdasarkan berpikir deduktif atau induktif, atau gabungan keduanya yang bisa ‘dibungkus’ dengan opini penulis.

* Artikel Ilmiah
Artikel ilmiah, bisa ditulis secara khusus, bisa pula ditulis berdasarkan hasil penelitian semisal skripsi, tesis, disertasi, atau penelitian lainnya dalam bentuk lebih praktis. Artikel ilmiah dimuat pada jurnal-jurnal ilmiah. Kekhasan artikel ilmiah adalah pada penyajiannya yang tidak panjang lebar tetapi tidak megurangi nilai keilmiahannya. Artikel ilmiah bukan sembarangan artikel, dan karena itu, jurnal-jurnal ilmiah mensyaratkan aturan sangat ketat sebelum sebuah artikel dapat dimuat. Pada setiap komponen artikel ilmiah ada pehitungan bobot. Karena itu, jurnal ilmiah dikelola oleh ilmuwan terkemuka yang ahli dibidangnya. Jurnal-jurnal ilmiah terakredetasi sangat menjaga pemuatan artikel. Akredetasi jurnal mulai dari D, C, B, dan A, dan atau bertaraf internasional. Bagi ilmuwan, apabila artikel ilmiahnya ditebitkan pada jurnal internasional, pertanda keilmuawannya ‘diakui’.

* Disertasi
Pencapaian gelar akademik tertinggi adalah predikat Doktor. Gelar Doktor (Ph.D) dimungkinkan manakala mahasiswa (S3) telah mempertahankan disertasi dihadapan Dewan Penguji Disertasi yang terdiri dari profesor atau Doktor dibidang masing-masing. Disertasi ditulis berdasarkan penemuan (keilmuan) orisinil dimana penulis mengemukan dalil yang dibuktikan berdasarkan data dan fakta valid dengan analisis terinci.
Disertasi atau Ph.D Thesis ditulis berdasarkan metodolologi penelitian yang mengandung filosofi keilmuan yang tinggi. Mahahisiswa (S3) harus mampu (tanpa bimbingan) menentukan masalah, berkemampuan berpikikir abstrak serta menyelesaikan masalah praktis. Disertasi memuat penemuan-penemuan baru, pandangan baru yang filosofis, tehnik atau metode baru tentang sesuatu sebagai cerminan pengembangan ilmu yang dikaji dalam taraf yang tinggi.

* Tesis
Tesis adalah jenis karya ilmiah yang bobot ilmiahnya lebih dalam dan tajam dibandingkan skripsi. Ditulis untuk menyelesaikan pendidikan pascasarjana. Mahasiswa melakukan penelitian mandiri, menguji satu atau lebih hipotesis dalam mengungkapkan ‘pengetahuan baru’.
Tesis atau Master Thesis ditulis bersandar pada metodologi; metodologi penelitian dan metodologi penulisan. Standarnya digantungkan pada institusi, terutama pembimbing. Dengan bantuan pembimbing, mahasiswa merencanakan (masalah), melaksanakan; menggunakan instrumen, mengumpulkan dan menjajikan data, menganalisis, sampai mengambil kesimpulan dan rekomendasi.

* Skripsi
Skripsi adalah karya tulis (ilmiah) mahasiswa untuk melengkapi syarat mendapatkan gelar sarjana (S1). Bobotnya 6 satuan kredit semster (SKS) dan dalam pengerjakannya dibantu dosen pembimbing. Dosen pembimbing berperan ‘mengawal’ dari awal sampai akhir hingga mahasiswa mampu mengerjakan dan mempertahankannya pada ujian skripsi.
Skripsi ditulis berdasarkan pendapat (teori) orang lain. Pendapat tersebut didukung data dan fakta empiris-objektif, baik berdasarkan penelitian langsung; observasi lapanagn atau penelitian di laboratorium, atau studi kepustakaan. Skripsi menuntut kecermatan metodologis hingga menggaransi ke arah sumbangan material berupa penemuan baru.

* Kertas Kerja
Kertas kerja pada prinsipnya sama dengan makalah. Kertas kerja dibuat dengan analisis lebih dalam dan tajam. Kertas kerja ditulis untuk dipresentasikan pada seminar atau lokakarya, yang biasanya dihadiri oleh ilmuwan. Pada ‘perhelatan ilmiah’ tersebut kertas kerja dijadikan acuan untuk tujuan tertentu. Bisa jadi, kertas kerja ‘dimentahkan’ karena lemah, baik dari susut analisis rasional, empiris, ketepatan masalah, analisis, kesimpulan, atau kemanfaatannya.

* Makalah
Lazimnya, makalah dibuat melalui kedua cara berpikir tersebut. Tetapi, tidak menjadi soal manakala disajikan berbasis berpikir deduktif (saja) atau induktif (saja). Yang penting, tidak berdasar opini belaka.
Makalah, dalam tradisi akademik, adalah karya ilmuwan atau mahasiswa yang sifatnya paling ‘soft’ dari jenis karya ilmiah lainnya. Sekalipun, bobot akademik atau bahasan keilmuannya, adakalanya lebih tinggi. Misalnya, makalah yang dibuat oleh ilmuwan dibanding skripsi mahasiswa.

B.Karangan Non Ilmiah
Karya non-ilmiah sangat bervariasi topic dan cara penyajiannya, tetapi isinya tidak didukung fakta umum, ditulis berdasarkan fakta pribadi, umumnya bersifat subyektif, gaya bahasanya bias konkret atau abstrak, gaya bahasanya formal dan popular.

Ciri-ciri karangan Non-Ilmiah
1.Emotif: Kemewahan dan cinta lebih menonjol, tidak sistematis, lebih mencari keuntungan dan sedikit informasi.
2.Persuasif: Penilaian fakta tanpa bukti. Bujukan untuk meyakinkan  pembaca, mempengaruhi sikap cara berfikir pembaca dan cukup informative.
3.Deskriptif: Pendapat pribadi, sebagian imajinatif dan subjektif.
4.Kritik tanpa dukungan bukti.
5.Fakta yang disimpulkan subyektif.
6.Gaya bahasa konotatif dan populer.
7.Tidak memuat hipotesis.
8.Penyajian dibarengi dengan sejarah.
9.Bersifat imajinatif.
10.Situasi didramatisi

Jenis-jenis yang termasuk karya Non-ilmiah 
Dongeng
Cerpen
Novel
Drama
Roman

Perbedaan Karya Ilmiah dengan Non-ilmiah

          Istilah karya ilmiah dan nonilmiah merupakan istilah yang sudah sangat lazim diketahui orang dalam dunia tulis-menulis. Berkaitan dengan istilah ini, ada juga sebagian ahli bahasa menyebutkan karya fiksi dan nonfiksi. Terlepas dari bervariasinya penamaan tersebut, hal yang sangat penting untuk diketahui adalah baik karya ilmiah maupun nonilmiah/fiksi dan nonfiksi atau apa pun namanya, kedua-keduanya memiliki perbedaan yang signifikan. Perbedaan-perbedaan yang dimaksud dapat dicermati dari beberapa aspek.

1.  Karya ilmiah harus merupakan pembahasan suatu hasil penelitian (faktual objektif). Faktual objektif adalah adanya kesesuaian antara fakta dan objek yang diteliti. Kesesuaian ini harus dibuktikan dengan pengamatan atau observasi.

2.  Karya ilmiah bersifat metodis dan sistematis. Artinya, dalam pembahasan masalah digunakan metode atau cara-cara tertentu dengan langkah-langkah yang teratur dan terkontrol melalui proses pengidentifikasian masalah dan penentuan strategi.

3.  Dalam pembahasannya, tulisan ilmiah menggunakan ragam bahasa ilmiah. Dengan kata lain, ia ditulis dengan menggunakan kode etik penulisan karya ilmiah. Perbedaan-perbedaan inilah yang dijadikan dasar para ahli bahasa dalam melakukan pengklasifikasian.

Berdasarkan karakteristik karangan ilmiah  dan nonilmiah yang telah disebutkan, yang tergolong dalam karangan ilmiah adalah laporan, makalah, skripsi, tesis, disertasi; yang tergolong karangan nonilmiah adalah anekdot, dongeng, hikayat, cerpen, cerber, novel, roman, puisi, dan naskah drama.

Karya nonilmiah sangat bervariasi topik dan cara penyajiannya, tetapi isinya tidak didukung fakta umum. Karangan nonilmiah ditulis berdasarkan fakta pribadi, dan umumnya bersifat subyektif. Bahasanya bisa konkret atau abstrak, gaya bahasanya nonformal dan populer, walaupun kadang-kadang juga formal dan teknis. Karya nonilmiah bersifat, antara lain :

1.  Emotif : merupakan kemewahan dan cinta lebih menonjol, tidak sistematis, lebih mencari keuntungan dan sedikit informasi

2.  persuasif : merupakan penilaian fakta tanpa bukti. Bujukan untuk meyakinkan pembaca, mempengaruhi sikap cara berfikir pembaca dan cukup informative

3.  Deskriptif : merupakan pendapat pribadi, sebagian imajinatif dan subjektif, dan

4.  Jika kritik adakalanya tanpa dukungan bukti.

 

 

 

Sumber:

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karangan

http://rahmatsolihien.blogspot.com/2012/07/karangan-dan-kerangka-karangan_4060.html

http://bukukotakkotak.blogspot.com/2013/01/karangan-ilmiah.html

http://mane3x.wordpress.com/2013/04/05/macam-macam-karangan-ilmiah-semi-ilmiah-dan-non-ilmiah/

http://girlycious09.wordpress.com/tag/macam-macam-karya-ilmiah/

http://rachmandianto.blog.com/2011/05/25/tulisan-%E2%80%9Cperbedaan-karangan-ilmiah-semi-ilmiah-dan-non-ilmiah%E2%80%9D/